Shimoga district

Shivamogga district
—  district  —
Jog Falls in full flow during the monsoon season.
Shivamogga district
Location of Shivamogga district
in Karnataka and India
Coordinates
Country India
State Karnataka
Subdistrict(s) Bhadravathi, Hosanagara, Sagar, Shikaripura, Shivamogga, Sorab, Thirthahalli
Headquarters Shivamogga
Deputy Commissioner Shri. Dr. V.Ponnuraj, IAS
Population

• Density

 1,642,545 (2007)

• 194.04 /km2 (503 /sq mi)
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
Area 8,465 square kilometres (3,268 sq mi)

Shivamogga District (Kannada: ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗ) is a district in the Karnataka state of India. A major part of Shivamogga District lies in the Malnad region of the Western Ghats, a hilly area known for its green forests, plentiful rainfall, and as the source of many of the area's rivers. Shivamogga City is the administrative centre of the district. Jog Falls is a major tourist attraction of the district and shimoga is called rice bowl of India.

Contents

Origin of name

There are various legends of how the name Shivamogga has evolved. According to one legend, the name Shivamogga is related to the Hindu God Shiva. Shiva-Mukha (Face of Shiva), Shivana-Moogu (Nose of Shiva) or Shivana-Mogge (Flowers to be offered to Shiva) can be the origins of the name "Shivamogga". Another legend indicates that the name Shimoga is derived from the word Sihi-Moge which means sweet pot. According to this legend, Shivamogga once had the ashram of the sage Durvasa. He used to boil sweet herbs in an earthen pot. Some cowherds, found this pot and after tasting the sweet beverage named this place Sihi-Moge.[1]

History

The history of the Shivamogga region is very much the history of Karnataka itself, considering that all the great kingdoms that came to power here have vied for control of and ruled this land of rich resources. Prior to the beginning of the first millennium, the Shimoga region formed a part of the Maurya empire. The Satavahana then came to control in central India and Shimoga must have formed one of the southern most provinces of the kingdom.

After the fall of the Shatavahana empire around 200 C.E., after a brief interlude of confusion that existed, the area came under the control of the Kadambas of Banavasi around 345 C.E. The Kadambas were the earliest kingdom to give administrative status to Kannada language. Banavasi is just across the border from Shimoga inside Uttara Kannada district. Later the Kadambas became feudatories of the Badami Chalukyas around 540 C.E..

Shimoga passed into the hands of the Rashtrakutas in the 8th century. It was only under the Kalyani Chalukyas who overthrew the Rashtrakutas did Shimoga come into prominence in Southern India. Balligavi in Shimoga district had its greatest and grandest time during there rule. Later in the 12th. century with the weakening of the Kalyani Chalukyas the Hoysalas annexed this area. Shimoga continued to play an important role in the development of Kannada culture and arts during this time. After the fall of the Hoysalas to the invasion of the Khilji dynasty around 1343 C.E. the entire region came under the Vijayanagar Empire without any bloodshed. The Saluva kings of the Vijayanagar empire find their roots in this region. After the defeat of Vijayanagar empire in 1565 C.E. in the battle of Tallikota, Shimoga had one more last surprise in that the local Keladi Nayakas who were originally feudatory of the Vijayanagar empire took control, declared sovereignty and ruled mostly as an independent kingdom for about two centuries, often waging wars with the Mysore Kingdom, the Sultans of Bijapur and finally the Maratha. In 1763 they were finally absorbed into the Kingdom of Mysore and remained a part of it till independence from the British.[1]

Geography

Shimoga district is a part of the Malnad region of Karnataka and is also known as the "Gateway to Malnad" or Malenaada Hebbagilu in Kannada. Located in the central part of Karnataka state, Shimoga district is landlocked, i.e. neither does it have a coastline, nor does it border any other state of India. It is bounded by Haveri District to the northeast, Davanagere District to the east, Chikmagalur District to the southeast, Udupi District to the southwest, and Uttara Kannada to the northwest.

Ranking 9th in terms of the total area among the districts of Karnataka, Shimoga district is spread over an area of 8465 km².[2]

Shimoga lies between the latitudes 13°27' and 14°39' N and between the longitudes 74°38' and 76°04' E at a mean altitude of 640 metres above sea level.[2] The peak of the hill Kodachadri at an altitude of 1343 metres above sea level is the highest point in this district.

The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range and the numerous rivers that originate there provide Shimoga with abundant natural beauty. The numerous lakes, ponds and water bodies make the land very suitable for agriculture. Shimoga is called the rice bowl of Karnataka.

Shimoga district is the origin of the rivers Kali, Gangavathi, Sharavathi and Tadadi. But the two major rivers that flow through this district are Tunga and Bhadra which meet at a place called Koodli near Shimoga city and flow together as Tungabhadra.

Climate

Shimoga district being a part of the Malnad(Malenadu) region receives good monsoon rainfall; the months from June to October being the rainy season. In the years 1901-1970, it received an average annual rainfall of 1813.9 mm with an average of 86 days in the year being rainy days.[3]

The average annual temperature of Shimoga District is around 26 °C. The average temperature has increased substantially over the years and the trend can be viewed here[4]

In some regions of Shimoga district, the day temperature can really soar to about 40 °C during summers, leading to water crisis and other problems.[5]

Geology

The major soil forms found in the Shimoga district are Red gravelly clay soil, Red clay soil, Lateritic gravelly clay soil, Lateritic clay soil, Medium deep black soil, Non-saline and saline Alluvo-Colluvial soil and Brown forest soil[6]

Major minerals found in this district are Limestone, White Quartz, Kaolin, Kyanite and Manganese.[7]

Economy

Agriculture and animal husbandry are the major contributors to the economy of Shimoga district. Rice, Arecanut, Cotton, Maize and Ragi are the major crops cultivated in this district.[8] Karnataka is the largest producer of arecanut in India, majority of which is cultivated in the Shimoga district. The farmers from Shimoga are said to be very innovative and have managed to cultivate crops like Vanilla and Jatropha previously unheard of in India; yielding high monetary benefits.[9]

Industries

Agro-based, Automobile-based and Engineering are the major industries present in Shimoga district.[8] Maximum investment has been made in the Food and Beverages sector followed by Engineering/Mechanical goods sector. To encourage rural industry, rural youth are being imparted training in tailoring, embroidery, motor winding, hand pump repair and other areas. Other rural industries in this district are related to carpentry, blacksmithy, leather, pottery, beekeeping, stone cutting, handlooms, agarbathi (incense sticks) and sandalwood carving.

Karnataka Government has created the following Industrial regions to encourage industrialisation of the district:

Major industries located in Shimoga district are:

Shopping

Many shops at Shimoga's widely laid boulevards are a Shoppers paradise. The Nehru Avenue [Road], B.H Road, Durgigudi, Balaraj urs Road, Sowlanga Road, Shivappanayaka Market (Now it is demolished and is shifted temporarily to taluk office premises), Gandhi Bazaar are the major commercial centres of Shimoga. Cloth and other related items like dresses, saaris etc., are available at cheaper rates than other places. Most of those, though not of international recognition are of very good quality. and the most famous footwear shop in shimoga is shoe shoppee & shoe garden at BH road

Administrative divisions

Shimoga district is divided into 2 Sub-divisions and 7 Taluks. The Sagar Sub-division comprises the taluks of Sagar, Shikaripura, Sorab and Hosanagara while the Shimoga Sub-division comprises the taluks of Shimoga, Bhadravathi and Thirthahalli.

The Shimoga district administration is headed by the Deputy Commissioner who also has the additional role of a District Magistrate. Assistant Commissioners, Tahsildars, Shirastedars (revenue official at Tahsil level), Revenue inspectors and Village Accountants help the Deputy Commissioner in the administration of the district.

Shimoga city is the headquarters of the district. It lies in the south-eastern part of the district. The city is spread over an area of 50 km² and has a population of 274,352, in which 140,224 (51.11%) are males and 134,128 (48.89%) are females. It has a high literacy rate of 83.79%.[10] The city rose into prominence recently when the 73rd All-India Kannada Sahitya Sammelan was held here in the month of December-2006.

Shimoga elects 1 person to the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of the Indian Parliament. The Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency comprises the entire Shimoga district and also covers parts of Nalluru and Ubrani hoblis of Channagiri taluk of Davangere district. As of 2005 it had 1,286,181 voters, of whom Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes account for 2.2 lakhs, Lingayats for two lakhs, Deevaru (Idiga) for 1.8 lakh, Muslims for 1.6 lakh, and Brahmins and Vokkaligas for 1.25 lakh each.[11]

Shimoga also elects 7 people to the Legislative Assembly of the state of Karnataka. The Assembly constituencies in Shimoga district are: Shimoga, Shimoga Rural, Bhadravathi, Sorab, Shikaripura, Thirthahalli, Sagar.

Transport

Road

Shimoga has a total road length of 6632 km. of which 222 km. belong to the National Highways and 402 km. belong to State Highways.[12]

Rail

The rail network in Shimoga district can be divided among two distinct railway lines that are present in it:

Air

Shimoga Airport is under construction in sogane 6 km from Shimoga city. Airports at Bangalore, Mangalore and Hubli can be used for reaching places in the Shimoga district.[14]

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Shimoga district has a population of 1,755,512,[15] roughly equal to the nation of The Gambia[16] or the US state of Nebraska.[17] This gives it a ranking of 275th in India (out of a total of 640).[15] The district has a population density of 207 inhabitants per square kilometre (540 /sq mi) .[15] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 6.88 %.[15] Shimoga has a sex ratio of 995 females for every 1000 males,[15] and a literacy rate of 80.5 %.[15]

Taluk has the highest population with Hosanagara Taluk having the least population. The literacy rate in the district is 74.86% (82.32% of males and 67.24% of females are literate). Thirthahalli Taluk has the highest literacy rate (78.27%) while Shikaripura Taluk has the lowest literacy rate (69.59%). The district has a sex-ratio of 977 females to 1000 males. Hosanagara and Thirthahalli Taluks have more females than males and hence have a sex-ratio greater than 1000. Shimoga Taluk having 961 females to 1000 males has the least sex-ratio.[3]

Hindus constitute 85.45% of the population with Muslims making up 12.25% of the population; the remaining part of the population is made up by Christians, Buddhists and other religious groups.[18] Kannada is the dominant language in this district with Urdu taking the second place.

Some of the unique ethnic groups found in Shimoga district are:

Culture

Shimoga district is considered as the heartland of Kannada language and culture. The cultural importance of Shimoga was further highlighted when the All India Kannada Sahitya Sammelana was held here in Dec-2006. This event held by the Kannada Sahitya Parishat was chaired by the famous Kannada poet and writer K S Nisar Ahmed.

Poetry and literature

Shimoga has contributed the following highly regarded scholars to the Kannada culture:

Drama

Any description of the culture in Shimoga district would be incomplete without the mention of the cultural organisation called Nilakanteshwara Natya Seva Sangha, better known as NINASAM. Located in a tiny village called Heggodu in Sagar Taluk, NINASAM has made tremendous contribution to the Kannada drama and culture. NINASAM was the result of an experiment by the renowned dramatist, K V Subbanna where he started to screen classical films and hold dramas at Heggodu. Slowly, this became popular and attracted lot of people from all over Karnataka. This popularity prompted the Ford foundation to provide a grant for a rural film and drama project called as Janaspandana, in which similar drama/film festivals and courses were held in other regions of Karnataka. An estimated 200,000 people were exposed to the best of cinema and around 5000 people attended the courses. The Ninasam Theatre Institute started in 1980, offers a 10-month long diploma course in theatre. Another cultural troupe related to NINASAM is Tiruguta (started in 1985 and means moving around in Kannada) where three major productions are taken around Karnataka and shown to the public. For his efforts in promoting Kannada culture, K V Subbanna won the Magsaysay Award[19]

Sculpture

Shimoga district is the home of Gudigars. Gudigars are a clan of craftsmen who specialise in carving intricate designs on objects like sandalwood. They are concentrated in the Sagar and Sorab taluks. They make exquisite items by making use of simple tools like knives, screw drivers, drills and saws. The articles made by them are sold at Government emporiums.[20] The most well known sculptor from this clan is Ashok Gudigar who was born in Sagar. Ashok has experimented with various media such as clay, fiberglass, plaster of paris, ivory, red sandstone, granite and soapstone. At the age of 21, he won the Vishwakarma award for his sculpture titled Chalukyan style Ganesha in Shivahonne wood. He also won the National award in the year 1992 at the age of 27 for his work - Hoysala styled Venugopala in Shivahonne wood[21]

Dance

Dollu Kunitha and Yakshagana are some of the dance forms which are prevalent in this district

Cinema

Majority of the theatres in this district run Kannada movies in certain areas in this district. Cinema Halls : HPC Theatre, Vandana, Mallikarjuan, Veerabhadreshwara, Laxmi, Modern, Manjunatha

Shimoga district rose into limelight, when Agumbe in Thirthahalli Taluk was chosen as the location to shoot the tele-serial Malgudi Days based on a famous novel written by R K Narayan. This serial was directed by the famous Kannada actor and director, Shankar Nag.

Some of the noted cinema personalities born in Shimoga district are:

Cuisine

Rice is the staple food for majority of the people in Shimoga district. The cuisine in this district is very similar to the Udupi Cuisine.

The cuisine in the Malnad region of Shimoga district includes items like midigayi-uppinakai (tender-mango pickle), sandige (similar to pappadum), avalakki (beaten-rice) and akki rotti. Havyaka people have their own cuisine consisting of such varied items like genesale (sweet made of jaggery, rice and coconut), thotadevvu (sweet made of rice and sugarcane juice) and thambli (a curd preparation containing other ingredients like ginger, turmeric root, jasmine and rose sprouts).

Flora and fauna

As part of the richly forested Malnad region of the Western Ghats, Shimoga district sits in one of the world's biodiversity hotspots with a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The region contains some protected areas classified as wildlife sanctuaries to ensure the protection of these species:

Education

Shimoga district is a major centre for education in the state of Karnataka. A relatively high literacy rate of 74.86% is testimony to the fact. There are various institutions offering education in this district which are briefly detailed in the sections below

Kuvempu University

Kuvempu University, near the Bhadra river project is the premier institution catering to the needs of higher education in this district. It is named after the renowned Kannada poet and writer, Kuvempu. Apart from Shimoga district, Kuvempu University has jurisdiction over the districts of Chitradurga and Chikkamagaluru.[23] There are 124 degree colleges affiliated to Kuvempu University; in addition to four Constituent Colleges, administered by the University, and reputed international research centres Centre for the Study of Local Cultures. Graduate and postgraduate teaching programmes exist under the faculties of Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Science and Technology, and Law. Veterinay education:Veterinary college vinobanagr.

Medical education

Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, a modern medical college, was established in 2007 and located in Shimoga City.

There are two Ayurvedic colleges, one being Bapuji Ayurvedic Medical College located in Shimoga city and the other being T.A.M.E Society's Ayurvedic College located in Kavalgundi, Bhadravathi. Both offer degree courses in B.A.M.S (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery).

The dental college, Sharavathi Dental College, is located in Shimoga district.

Graduate education

There are 31 colleges in Shimoga district offering graduation courses.[23]

Undergraduate education

There are 68 colleges in Shimoga district offering under-graduate (pre-university) education.[23] Notable among these are the DVS PU (Independent) College and DVS PU Composite college whose alumni have bagged many ranks in the Pre-University and Engineering Entrance Examination[24][25]

Primary and secondary education

There are 1147 schools offering Primary Education and 313 High-Schools offering Secondary Education in the Shimoga district.[23] Many primary and secondary schools hav provided excellent results and the district ranks in the top 10 of Karnataka. Recently a few notable CBSE affiliated private schools of high calibre have opened too. Jawahar Navodaya and Morarji Desai Schools are located near Shimoga at Gajanur. One of the notable private school is Jnanadeepa School located at Javalli near Shimoga started by the eminent educationalist and former DVS principal V Devendra.

Sports

Some of the common sports being played by the people in Shimoga district include cricket, football, badminton, volleyball and handball. The major national sports event held in this district was the 18th Junior National Athletic Championship which was held in Shimoga in the year 2003.

Arguably, cricket is the most favourite sport in this district as it is with the rest of India. Shimoga district has offered one of the best batsmen ever to play Indian cricket, Gundappa Viswanath who was born in Bhadravathi. Even roads turn into cricket pitches where the boys play their own version of the cricket with own set of rules, commonly called as galli cricket. No international cricket matches have ever been staged in Shimoga district; though the district has played host to Ranji Trophy matches, which is the premier national level cricket tournament in India. The following stadiums here have hosted Ranji Trophy matches:

Some unique outdoor games like kho kho, kabaddi, Chinni Daandu, 'goli'(marbles), 'kunte bille' and 'lagori' find more favour in the rural areas of the district. Board games like carrom, chess and channe mane are also played here. Sports:

Shimoga presents a robust profile on the sports front with a good infrastructure, a good number of record holders and a great deal of players and enthusiasts. The youth of the district play all major sports—football, cricket, hockey,handball,basketball, table tennis, volleyball and badminton. Sportspersons from the district have represented Karnataka in athletics, basketballs, kho-kho, volleyball, kabaddi, badminton and wrestling and won National and International acclaim (at Asian and Commonwealth Games), particularly in power-lifting, bodybuilding and wrestling.

Shimoga has a nodal point for training in wrestling and related sports, with veteran wrestling-trainers and well-equipped gymnasia. Kho-kho is also a major sports in which the district has consistently excelled, created several records in Dasara Sports. In the recent days, however, cricket has been all over the sports scenario of the district— a part of the national phenomenon—with league-level coaching facilities springing up in many places. There has also been growth of cricket clubs in the district which has, at times, tended to attract even political attention by the sheer virtue of their 'captive' youth power. Badminton has also received due priority here with a facility that is among the best in the state. Shimoga is famous for its motorbike and car rallies which whip up heavy popular excitements in and around the district. Treasure-hunt rallies are conducted regularly, which attract huge number of youth participants. Along with all other sports Shimoga is emerging as a centre for adventure sports, with lots of youth showing interest in trekking (in which district has an unbeatable natural advantage) and other such sports. These days treasure hunt has become a rage here, drawing hundreds of youth into its fold.

The town sports a well-equipped stadium—the Nehru Stadium—with exclusive facilities for different sports, including a table tennis hall and gymnasium. Sports events such as all-India cross-country relay race from Chikkamagalur to Shimoga, all-India invitation kho-kho tournament, state-level volleyball championships and football tournaments have all been hosted at Shimoga. Every town in the district has one or more recreation clubs with facilities for indoor and outdoor games.

Antiquities

Legends compare 12th century Balligavi in Shikaripura taluk to Lord Indra's Amaravathi or Lord Kubera's Alakavathi. Balligave was the centre of learning, secular arts, commerce and sculpture. The town had thirteen education centers, fifty four temples of which only a few survive today, twelve Jain basadis, three Buddhist viharas and many majestic palaces, lakes, wide roads and a population of about sixty thousand. Archaeological evidence points to existence of Balligavi as early as the Shatavahanas. Balligavi was the center of many religions like Shaiva and Vaishnava Hinduism, Brahmi, Shaktha, Jainism, Buddhism.

The Kedareshwar temple (1060 C.E.) in Chalukya-Hoysala style, Tripurantkeswar temple (1070 C.E.), Gandabherundeswar temple (1070 C.E.) in later Chalukya style in Balligavi and the Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri and the Rameshwara temple at Keladi both built in the 17th. century by the Keladi Nayakas are silent reminders of a glorious past. The Nayakas have used a variety of styles from predecessor kingdoms like the late Kadambas, Hoysala and even dravida styles. Balligavi was also the native place of Shantaladevi, queen of Hoysala Vishnuvardhana. Many sculptors who worked for the Hoysalas to build the famous temples at Belur and Halebid came from here including Dasoja, Malloja, Nadoja, Siddoja. During the Virashaiva movement, Balligavi contributed great Vachanakaras like Allama Prabhu who was born here and other like Akka Mahadevi, Animishayya and Mukthayakka who were also associated with this place.

Tourist attractions

Water falls

Dams

River sources and confluences

Hill stations and beyond

another tributary of sharavathi called kari hole originate from near talaneri which is the place near hosanagara

History and religion

Wildlife

See Flora and fauna section above

Gallery

Notes

  1. ^ a b The etymology and history of Shivamogga is discussed in the webpage developed by National Informatics Centre. "History of Shivamogga". The Official website of Shimoga District. District Administration, Shivamogga. http://Shivamogga.nic.in/history.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  2. ^ a b The Geography of Shimoga district is described in a webpage designed by National Informatics Centre. "Geography of Shivamogga". The Official website of Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. http://shimoga.nic.in/geogry.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  3. ^ a b Statistics related to Shimoga district is described in a webpage designed by National Informatics Centre. "Statistics of Shimoga district". The Official website of Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. http://shimoga.nic.in/stats.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  4. ^ Temperature Trend
  5. ^ Soaring temperatures in Shimoga causing problems, as reported by Special Correspondent (2005-04-08). "Tinder-box in Malnad". The Online Edition of the Hindu - ePaper, 2005-04-08, (Chennai, India: 2005, The Hindu). http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/08/stories/2005040802040300.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  6. ^ Soil distribution in Karnataka state is discussed in a webpage by National Informatics Centre. "Traditional Soil Groups of Karnataka and their Geographic Distribution". Official Website of the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka. Govt. of Karnataka. http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/agriprofile/table5.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  7. ^ Minerals found in Shimoga district are mentioned by the National Informatics Centre. "Industrial Scenario". Official Website of the Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. http://shimoga.nic.in/indus.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  8. ^ a b Economy of Shimoga district is discussed by National Informatics Centre. "Industrial Scenario". Official Website of the Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. http://shimoga.nic.in/indus.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  9. ^ Vanilla and Jathropa cultivation in Shimoga district, as discussed by Deccan Herald News Service. "Jathropa catches attention of farmers in Shimoga". Online edition of the Deccan Herald, 2004-09-09. 2004, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep092004/d15.asp. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  10. ^ The population and area of Shimoga city has been mentioned in the webpage Population of Corporation/CMC/TMC/TP belonging to the Municipal Administration Department of the Government of Karnataka
  11. ^ Details regarding the Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency is mentioned by Pramod Mellegatti (2005-06-01). "Aggressive campaigning by all parties for Shimoga byelection". Online Edition of The Hindu, 2001-06-01 (Chennai, India: The Hindu). http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/01/stories/2005060105490400.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  12. ^ Transport related statistics are mentioned by National Informatics Centre. "Statistics on Shimoga". Official Website of the Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. http://shimoga.nic.in/stats.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  13. ^ Heritage associated with the Talguppa Line is discussed by Times News Network (2003-12-07). "Heritage train turns bone of contention". ShivamoggaOnline Edition, Times of India, 2003-12-07 (2007, Times Internet Limited). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/344143.cms. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  14. ^ Proposal to construct an airport in Shimoga city is reported by Special Correspondent (2006-04-08). "Airport at Shimoga likely to come up at Sogane". The Online Edition of the Hindu - ePaper, 2006-04-08, (Chennai, India: 2006, The Hindu). http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/08/stories/2006040810350300.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  16. ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html. Retrieved 2011-10-01. "Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est." 
  17. ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved 2011-09-30. "Nebraska 1,826,341" 
  18. ^ Data related to the 2001 Census; classified according to religion is provided in detail in the website of the Census department of India in this webpage
  19. ^ An article on NINASAM presented by Chaman Ahuja. "Committed to culture and creativity". Online Edition of The Tribune - Issue Feb 14, 1999. 2006, The Tribune Trust. http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb14/sunday/head2.htm.. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 
  20. ^ Description of Gudigars is given in this webpage: The Gudigars of Kanara
  21. ^ An article on Ashok Gudigar has been presented by Shubha Shrikanth. "Poetry in stone". Webpage of OnlineBangalore.com. OnlineBangalore.com. http://www.onlinebangalore.com/pers/ashoka.html. 
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Flora and Fauna present in the wildlife sanctuaries of Karnataka are mentioned in the webpage: "SANCTUARIES &NATIONAL PARKS OF KARNATAKA". Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science. http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/documents/sanpeack.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-10. 
  23. ^ a b c d Education details in Shimoga district is discussed by National Informatics Centre. "Educational Scenario". Official Website of the Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. http://shimoga.nic.in/educat.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
  24. ^ Ranks bagged by Under-graduate colleges in Shimoga are mentioned by Deccan Herald News Service. "CET ranks announced". Online Edition of the Deccan Herald, dated 2004-06-11. 2004, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.. Archived from the original on 2007-02-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070228154716/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Jun112004/i2.asp. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
  25. ^ Ranks bagged by Under-graduate colleges in Shimoga are mentioned by Staff Reporter (2006-06-04). "CET: 99,308 ranks assigned, only 4,557 seats on offer". Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-06-04 (Chennai, India: 2006, The Hindu). http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/04/stories/2006060419280100.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-26. 
  26. ^ a b c The list of the highest waterfalls in the India is present in the webpage: Highest Waterfalls in India

External links

Uttara Kannada district Haveri district
Davanagere district
   Shimoga district    
Udupi district Chikmagalur district